Dysphagia
Swallowing, also known as deglutition, involves a complex sequence of muscle movements and reflexes to safely transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can occur at any of the three stages of swallowing: oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal.
Prevalence
Dysphagia is a significant health concern in the United States, with its prevalence estimated at around 16–23% among adults aged 65 years and older. The incidence is higher in individuals with conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, or head and neck cancers. Dysphagia is more common as the population ages and is associated with serious complications, including malnutrition, dehydration, and aspiration pneumonia, affecting overall quality of life and healthcare costs, however it can affect individuals across the entire age spectrum.
Evaluation
Assessments by a laryngologist and SLP identify deficits and strategies for safe eating. Methods include Clinical Swallowing Evaluation, VFSS, and FEES.
Treatment
Interventions may involve biofeedback training, myofascial massage, jaw and neck exercises, respiratory muscle training, and evidence-based swallowing exercises. Management of dysphagia can also involve diet modification, behavioral and postural modifications, and alternative means of nutrition like use of feeding tubes.